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The early tubes were unreliable with unpredictable outputs, leading to inconsistent results. These problems were resolved in 1913, when William David Coolidge (1873-1973) produced a hot-cathode tube.  The invention of the hot cathode tube was possible because Coolidge, a research physicist, had himself developed a way of making tungsten ductile. All modern X-ray tubes have hot cathodes. |
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Information and more history at.... |