Useful constants when making estimates 

Gravitational constant G ..............6.67x10-11 Nm2 kg-2

Mass of the Earth ..............5.98x1024 kg
Radius of the Earth
..............6.4x106 m
Average density of the Earth
..............5.5 x103 kg m-3

Radius of the Moon's orbit ..............3.84x108 m
Mass of the Moon
..............7.35x1022 kg
Radius of the Moon
..............1.74x106 m
Average density of the Moon
.........3.34x103 kg m-3

Mass of the Sun ..............1.99x1030 kg
Radius of the Sun
..............9.65x108 m

Specific heat of water ..............4.186 J kg-1 °C-1

Refractive index of glass ..............1.50
Refractive index of water
..............1.33
Refractive index of brine
..............1.38
Refractive index of diamond
..............2.41

Wavelength range of visible light
.........(4.0 to 6.5)x10-7 m
Wavelength of x-rays
..............~1x10-10 m

Atom spacing in crystals
..............~1x10-10 m

Mass of 22.4 li of air at STP
..........~30 g (mol. wt. in grams)

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