Sublimation

Evaporation from the solid state is called sublimation.

Many substances, solid CO2 (dry ice), carbon, purple crystals of iodine, and water-ice or snow below zero degrees Celsius, evaporate directly to the gaseous state without first becoming liquids.

When CO2 sublimes in warm water, frozen water vapor gives clouds of fog - which makes a good stage effect.

When frozen wet clothes are hung outside in dry cold air they become dry over time. When food is left uncovered in a freezer it dries out. Both effects are due to sublimation.

The specific latent heat of sublimation of water ice is the sum of the latent heats of fusion and evaporation (2840 kJ/kg at -30°C)

The latent heat of sublimation of carbon is 716.7 kJ/mol or, since the mole is 12 grams of carbon, very nearly 60 MJ per kilogram at a temperature of 5100 K. The evaporation of carbon is a very energy intensive process.